Effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene-based programme on toilet etiquette and sanitation targeted at primary school children of Mumbai
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211241Keywords:
Hygiene, Sanitation, School, Knowledge, Attitude, PracticesAbstract
Background: As per the WHO-UNICEF monitoring report 2012, around 626 million people, or half of the population of India defecate in the open; this explains the high burden of communicable diseases in developing countries like India. In this context present study attempts to assess the effectiveness of school-based awareness programme on toilette etiquettes and sanitation in primary school-going children (mean age 9.27 years.) of Mumbai city.
Methods: This is a comparative, before and after study between the interventional group and the comparison group. The study was carried out between July 2016 to March 2017, end line survey was carried out approximate 3 months after programme intervention for both the groups. Stratified random sampling was used to select 3737 students in baseline and 3230 students in end line from 130 primary schools run by municipal corporation of greater Mumbai (MCGM).
Results: Knowledge and attitude significantly improved in the end line than the baseline survey exorbitantly for the interventional group than the comparison group. Although the comparison group also exhibited some improvement but there was a marked difference as when compared to the interventional group.
Conclusions: An innovative education cum entertainment intervention programmes on basic health and hygiene habits focused on toilette etiquettes and sanitation was conducted. This has influenced the KAP among primary school children of Mumbai city. Though individual behaviour is difficult to mould, short to medium term effects of innovative programmes like WASH are encouraging.
References
WHO UNICEF joint monitoring report 2012, available at: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_ health/publications/jmp_report-2012/en/. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
WHO-Diarrhoeal disease. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ diarrhoeal-disease. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
WHO-Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children. Available at: https://www.who.int/ maternal_child_adolescent/news_events/news/2011/pneumonia/en/. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Ehiri JE, Arikpo D, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA. Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev. 2015;9:CD004265.
Rabie T, Curtis V. Handwashing and Risk of Respiratory Infections: A Quantitative Systematic Review. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(3):258-67.
Census Info India 2011 Final Population Totals-India-Population size. Available at: http://www. devinfo.org/indiacensuspopulationtotals2011. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
India: Issues and Priorities for Agriculture. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/ 05/17/india-agriculture-issues-priorities. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
Guidelines Central rural sanitation programme GOI, 2004: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/ files/DDWS-2004-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
Brown J, Cairncross S, Ensink JHJ. Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children. Arch Dis Child. 2013; 98(8):629-34.
Vivas AP, Gelaye B, Aboset N. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of hygiene among school children in Angolela, Ethiopia. J Prev Med Hyg. 2010;51(2):73-9.
Shrestha A, Angolkar M. Impact of Health Education on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Personal Hygiene among Primary School Children in Urban Area of Karnataka, India. J Dental Med Sci. 2014;13(4):86-9.
Ramseier CA, Leiggenerb I, Niklaus P. Lang NP, Bagramiana RA, Ingleharta MR. Short-Term Effects of Hygiene Education for Preschool (Kindergarten) Children: A Clinical Study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007;5:19-24.
Garg A, Taneja DK, Badhan SK, Ingle GK. Impact of a School-Based Hand Washing Promotion Program on Knowledge and Hand Washing Behavior of Girl Students in a Middle School of Delhi. Indian J Public Health. 2013;57(2).
MCGM. Education; Available at: https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Education%20Officer/RTI%20Manuals/Education_Officer_RTI_E01.pdf. Accessed on 11 Nov 2020.
Green EC, Murphy E. Health Belief Model. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society. 2014;766-9.
Curtis V, De Barra M, Aunger R. Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1563):389-401.
Curtis V, Danquah LO, Aunger RV. Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven-country review. Health Educ Res. 2009;24(4):655-73.
Taware S, Gawai P, Chatterjee A, Thakur H. Outcome of School-Based Intervention Program in Promoting Personal Hygiene in Primary School Children of Mumbai, India.
Int Quarterly Comm Health Educ. 2018;39(1):31-8.
Siwach M. Impact of Health Education Programme on the Knowledge and Practices of School Children Regarding Personal Hygiene in Rural Panipat. Int J Edu Sci. 2009;1(2):115-8.
Biran A, Schmidt WP, Varadharajan KS, Rajaraman D, Kumar R, Greenland K et al. Effect of A Behaviour-Change Intervention on Handwashing with Soap in India (Superamma): A Cluster-Randomised Trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e145-54.
Bowen A, Ma H, Ou J, Billhimer W, Long T, Mintz E et al. A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effect of A Handwashing-Promotion Program In Chinese Primary Schools. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(6):1166-73.
