https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/issue/feedInternational Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health2024-02-29T14:13:08+00:00Editormedipeditor@gmail.comOpen Journal Systems<p>The <strong>International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health (IJCMPH)</strong> is an open access, international, monthly, peer-reviewed journal publishes articles of authors from India and abroad with special emphasis on original research findings that are relevant for developing country perspectives including India.</p> <p>The journal publishes original research articles, focusing on family health care, epidemiology, biostatistics, public health administration, health care delivery, national health problems, medical anthropology and social medicine, invited annotations and comments, invited papers on recent advances, clinical and epidemiological diagnosis and management review article, short communication/brief reports, letters to the editor, case reports, etc. The journal covers population based studies, impact assessment, monitoring and evaluation, systematic review, meta-analysis, clinic-social studies etc., related to any domain and discipline of public health, especially relevant to national priorities, including ethical and social issues. Articles aligned with national health issues and policy implications are preferred. It is published <strong>monthly</strong> and available in print and online version. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health (IJCMPH) complies with the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, issued by the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors.</p> <p><strong>Issues: 12 per year</strong></p> <p><strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:medipeditor@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medipeditor@gmail.com</a>, <a href="mailto:editor@ijcmph.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">editor@ijcmph.com</a></p> <p><strong>Print ISSN:</strong> 2394-6032</p> <p><strong>Online ISSN:</strong> 2394-6040</p> <p><strong>Publisher:</strong> <a href="http://www.medipacademy.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medip Academy</strong></a></p> <p><strong>DOI prefix:</strong> 10.18203</p> <p>Medip Academy is a member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc. (PILA), which operates <a href="http://www.crossref.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CrossRef (DOI)</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Manuscript Submission</strong></p> <p>International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health accepts manuscript submissions through <a href="https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Online Submissions</a>:</p> <p>Registration and login are required to submit manuscripts online and to check the status of current submissions.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/user/register" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Registration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/login" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Login</a></li> </ul> <p>Please check out the video on our YouTube Channel:</p> <p>Steps to register and submit a manuscript:<br /><a href="https://youtu.be/YHX7eUWH7bk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://youtu.be/YHX7eUWH7bk</a></p> <p>Problem Logging In-Clear cookies:<br /><a href="https://youtu.be/WVjZVkjB2SQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://youtu.be/WVjZVkjB2SQ</a></p> <p>If you find any difficulty in online submission of your manuscript, please contact editor at <a href="mailto:medipeditor@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medipeditor@gmail.com</a>, <a href="mailto:editor@ijcmph.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">editor@ijcmph.com</a></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Abbreviation</strong></p> <p>The correct abbreviation for abstracting and indexing purposes is Int J Community Med Public Health.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Abstracting and Indexing information</strong></p> <p>The International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health is indexed with</p> <ul> <li><a title="PubMed and PubMed Central (PMC)" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=International+Journal+of+Community+Medicine+and+Public+Health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PubMed and PubMed Central (PMC)</a> (NLM ID: 101711371, Selected citations only)</li> <li><a title="Scilit (MDPI)" href="https://www.scilit.net/wcg/container_group/5928" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scilit (MDPI)</a></li> <li><a href="https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/journal/issue?issueId=all&journalId=31416" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Index Copernicus</a> </li> <li><a href="https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/156152" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (WHO)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.journaltocs.ac.uk/index.php?action=search&journalID=32537" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JournalTOCs</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.scopemed.org/?jid=109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ScopeMed</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.journalindex.net/visit.php?j=10038" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal Index</a></li> <li><a href="http://jgateplus.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">J-Gate</a></li> <li><a href="http://scholar.google.co.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CrossRef</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.directoryofscience.com/site/4549185" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directory of Science</a></li> <li><a href="http://journalseeker.researchbib.com/?action=viewJournalDetails&issn=23946032&uid=r5af96" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ResearchBib</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.icmje.org/journals-following-the-icmje-recommendations/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICMJE</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/journals.php?id=2295&fIDnum=|&mode=simple&letter=ALL&la=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHERPA/RoMEO</a></li> </ul>https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12315Analyzing the medical use of cannabis for cancer patients: a critical perspective2024-02-06T03:36:56+00:00Rushin Patelrushinpateldr@gmail.comMrunal Patelmrunalpateldr@gmail.comZalak Patelzalak148@gmail.comHimanshu Kavanihimanshukavani@gmail.comDarshil Patelpateldarshil1494@gmail.comSafia Shaikhsafiashaikh90@gmail.com<p>The utilization of cannabis in oncology presents a multifaceted approach to addressing the complex challenges associated with cancer treatment. With roots tracing back to ancient medicinal practices, cannabis contains numerous compounds, including cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), that interact with the body's endocannabinoid system. These interactions offer potential therapeutic benefits, ranging from antiemetic and analgesic effects to the inhibition of cancer growth processes. While clinical evidence supports the efficacy of cannabinoids in managing symptoms and enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients, caution is warranted due to potential interactions with conventional medications. Understanding the mechanisms of action, optimal administration routes, and potential side effects is crucial for integrating cannabis into personalized cancer care plans. By navigating these considerations thoughtfully, medical practitioners can harness the therapeutic potential of cannabis to complement traditional cancer treatments and improve patient outcomes in the field of oncology.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12353Clinical laboratory strategies for managing pandemic outbreaks2024-02-18T10:34:03+00:00Maaly Zayed AlotaibiMoly.pnu@hotmail.comSeham Sultan AlsoorMqaffas@moh.gov.saAmani Sameer AlnajraniMqaffas@moh.gov.saAmjad Ahmed MobarkiMqaffas@moh.gov.saAfrah Ali AlbalawiMqaffas@moh.gov.saBadriyh Furaih AlsuwaidiMqaffas@moh.gov.saAlaa Yehey AlsedmiMqaffas@moh.gov.saMohammed Alhussain AsiriMqaffas@moh.gov.sa<p>This review article comprehensively examines clinical laboratory strategies for managing pandemic outbreaks, with a particular focus on lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing upon an extensive analysis of existing literature from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane, as well as manual searches on Google Scholar, the study aims to provide insights into key aspects of pandemic preparedness and response. The literature review encompasses diverse combinations of medical terminology, emphasizing the role and response of clinical laboratories during pandemics. The primary focus areas include rapid test development and deployment, increased testing capacity, sample collection, and transportation protocols, data management, personnel safety, resource allocation, adaptability, and quality control measures. The inclusion of articles in this study adheres to rigorous criteria, ensuring a thorough and robust review process. The findings highlight the critical importance of rapid and accurate diagnostic testing, especially in the early stages of a pandemic, to facilitate timely interventions and containment. Efficient sample collection and transportation systems are crucial for maintaining the integrity of specimens, while advanced data management and reporting systems contribute to informed decision-making. Adaptability and flexibility are identified as indispensable traits for navigating the dynamic challenges of a pandemic, and stringent quality control measures are foundational for upholding the accuracy of diagnostic testing. The review underscores the collaborative efforts needed among clinical laboratories, public health agencies, and research institutions to strengthen global pandemic preparedness and response strategies.</p> <p> </p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12026A review on vitamin B12 deficiency induced by metformin2023-11-18T07:36:18+00:00Vankodoth Sireeshasireeshaganesh59@gmail.comSumayasummaya.summu910@gmail.comY. Pravarshapravarsha962@gmail.comKompalli Varunkompallivarun123@gmail.comFaiqu Fatimafatimafai357@gmail.comShafeen Sultanashafeensulthana9@gmail.com<p>Multiple studies have established a higher prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients who have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin is prescribed as the 1<sup>st </sup>line oral glucose-lowering medication for individuals with T2DM. However, metformin therapy has been linked to vitamin B12 malabsorption, which can result in both biochemical and clinical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency. The long-term use of metformin is associated with a significant decrease in vitamin B12 levels, particularly in doses greater than 2000 mg per day over a period of 4 years. Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin. It acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and neuroprotection at the cellular level. Hence, vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to various clinical consequences, including hematologic abnormalities such as megaloblastic anemia and hypersegmented neutrophil formation, peripheral neuropathy, and progressive axonal demyelination, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). The latest "standards of medical care in diabetes-2017" issued by the American diabetes association recommends periodic assessment of B12 status and, if necessary, the use of B12 replacement therapy in diabetic patients taking metformin. In order to address the vitamin B12 deficiency associated with metformin several therapies are available including prophylactic supplements of calcium and vitamin B12, discontinuation of metformin, and replenishment of vitamin B12 stores through intramuscular or oral therapy. It is important to regularly monitor vitamin B12 levels for at least annually to prevent complications of vitamin B12 deficiency and continue with supplementation if metformin is still being used.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12037The nursing strategies for preventing post-percutaneous coronary intervention hematomas: a review2023-11-21T06:37:36+00:00Gagandeep Kaurgagan876938@gmail.comRajdevinder Singhgrajdevinder@gmail.com<p>Post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) hematomas pose significant risks for patients and can lead to severe morbidity and mortality if left unaddressed. Nurses play a vital role in preventing these complications, emphasizing the importance of their understanding and implementation of nursing strategies and interventions. This comprehensive review investigates the various nursing strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating the risk of post-PCI hematomas and improving patient outcomes. A systematic search across multiple medical databases and scholarly sources yielded data on preventive measures and treatment options for post-PCI hematomas. The review underscores the significance of nursing interventions, including patient education, pressure dressings, careful hemostasis, and medication management, in reducing the occurrence of hematomas. It also highlights the potential complications associated with post-PCI hematomas, emphasizing the necessity of timely intervention and patient education to minimize the risk. The review emphasizes the critical role of nurses in the prevention and management of post-PCI hematomas and provides insights for future research and quality improvement initiatives. Overall, the review serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, offering a comprehensive understanding of nursing interventions and guidelines to enhance patient safety and minimize the incidence of post-PCI hematomas.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12225Socio economic status assessment in India: history and updates for 20242024-01-08T06:43:22+00:00Sandhya Rani Javalkarsandhyaranijavalkar@gmail.comShalini H.shalinih2589@gmail.comShubha B. Davalagishubhadavalgi@gmail.comVidya G. S.gs_vidya@yahoo.com<p>Socioeconomic status (SES) affects the incidence and prevalence of a variety of health disorders, thus making it a significant factor of both health status and standard of living. Social security is influenced by socioeconomic level in terms of health facility accessibility, pricing, acceptability, and actual use. The requirement for creating a standard method of population classification based on SES that is applied easily and simply and is not based solely on income and has a scientific foundation is needed. The assessment of socio-economic status in surveys has evolved over time in India, with various scales and criteria being used to capture the economic and social conditions of individuals or households. As India continues to undergo socio-economic transformations, the methods for assessing socio-economic status evolve accordingly. Researchers and policymakers strive to strike a balance between traditional indicators and contemporary, multidimensional approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic fabric in the diverse and dynamic Indian society.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12228Mental health: a stigma and neglected public health issue and time to break the barrier2024-01-09T07:06:27+00:00Aditya Choudharychoudharyaditya281294@gmail.comAakriti Jasrotiaaakritijasrotia1995@gmail.comAbhishek Kumarabhi_shandilya01@yahoo.com<p>Global mental health, impacting over a billion individuals, is addressed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2023 special initiative for mental health, targeting accessible community-based care for 100 million people. The complexity of mental health dynamics, influenced by diverse factors, shapes an individual's position on the continuum. Depression and suicide rates highlight the global crisis, with 970 million affected in 2019. India grapples with a treatment gap and economic implications, exacerbated by mental health stigma. Neglected in public health agendas, mental health imposes a significant burden, necessitating targeted policies and interventions. Breaking barriers requires collective efforts, including celebrity advocacy, organizational initiatives, and public education. Global interventions focus on suicide prevention through access restriction and responsible media reporting. Child and adolescent mental health necessitate policies promoting well-being and caregiver support, as seen in India's Mental Healthcare Act of 2017. In conclusion, global mental health, a priority, faces persistent barriers, particularly stigma. Urgent action is needed to integrate mental health into broader public health strategies, dismantle discriminatory practices, and ensure equitable access to care for a future prioritizing universal well-being.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12234Millets as nutri-cereals and its health benefits: an overview2024-01-11T08:42:13+00:00Sivakumar Kothapallidrshivasree@gmail.comSitharthan Ramalingamsitharthan.r@gmail.comSoumya S. Nairsoumyadietician@gmail.com<p>Millets are one of the oldest foods known to humans, possibly the first cereal grain used for dietary. Since ancient times, millet has been widely consumed in Asia and India. Although millets are highly nutritious, their consumption still needs to be improved in the general and poor population due to less awareness regarding their nutritional values and health benefits. With changing food habits, increasing population, and uncontrolled use of natural resources, providing nutritious food to all is challenging. Natural plant resources are quickly depleting, and we must explore new alternatives. Besides the usual rice and wheat, many underutilized millets are less consumed, with great potential to replace routine cereal crops. Millets are one of the significantly underutilized crops with a nutri-cereal potential. Regular and excess consumption of common cereals contributed to developing and increasing the burden of lifestyle diseases. Millets are highly nutritious, gluten-free, and have rich dietary properties. Millets are rich in carbohydrates, dietary fibres, energy, essential fatty acids, proteins, vitamin B and minerals which help to prevent diseases like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases. Cereal-based food products are supplemented with millet and have become popular due to nutritional and economic advantages. The millets have fostered immunity and health to continue the fight against malnutrition in children and adolescents. Ultimately, millet consumption furthers nutrition, food security and the welfare of farmers. This review furnishes crucial information about the compounds found in millets, highlighting their nutraceutical properties, health benefits, and other therapeutically significant elements that classify them as nutri-cereals.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12253Overview of JN.1 the variant of interest: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis2024-01-18T06:32:19+00:00Narayanasamy Krishnasamydrkns_1963@yahoo.comJasmine S. Sundardepassp1@tnmgrmu.ac.inDeivendiran Sulochana Monica Devmonicadevnohp@gmail.comSrinivas Govindarajuludrsrini@gmail.com<p>Amidst the ongoing global battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes monitoring variants of interest (VOIs) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The JN.1 variant, initially considered within the framework of BA.2.86, has rapidly gained global prevalence, prompting its reclassification as an independent VOI. This study assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the JN.1 variant. A literature review from PubMed, and expert opinions from newspaper articles were utilized for information collection. The study incorporates a comprehensive SWOT analysis, associated with the JN.1 variant. The JN.1 variant's global dominance is marked by exponential increases in COVID-19 cases, impacting healthcare systems. While strengths include global guidance, vaccine effectiveness, and a robust surveillance system, weaknesses encompass wastewater analysis, seasonal impacts, and immune escape capabilities. Opportunities lie in continuous vaccination campaigns, monitoring, research, vaccine adaptation, and adaptive strategies. Threats include co-circulation with respiratory diseases, lower antibody responses, and potential global spread. The study underscores the importance of clear public communication, continuous surveillance, and research efforts in addressing the challenges posed by the JN.1 variant. Recommendations include assessing vaccine effectiveness, updating strategies and fostering global collaboration for a more effective response.</p> <p> </p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12258Challenges in the reduction of infant mortality in India: have we reached a plateau2024-01-19T04:58:24+00:00Himashree Bhattacharyyahimashreebhattacharyya@gmail.comRashmi Agarwallarashmiagarwalla@gmail.com<p>The infant mortality rate is one of the major indicators of a country’s overall health and development. From time to time, many new initiatives were launched by the government of India to bring down the IMR of the country. Many of the initiatives launched in the early phases were able to substantially reduce the IMR to 26/100 live births by 2023. However, the decline has not been uniform and the IMR seems to have reached a plateau. Beyond this it will need some major changes at the health policy level to bring the IMR to a level which is compatible with the developed countries. This article attempts to highlight the trajectory of India towards reduction of Infant mortality, the various initiatives launched from time to time and the challenges in bringing it down further from the present plateau stage.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12264The flip side of social media: unveiling the effects of social media on mental health2024-01-20T06:21:02+00:00Ajaykumar B. Malledrajay.m@clinicaresearch.comSachin D. Pawarsachin.p@clinicaresearch.comPravinkumar S. Palpravinkumar.pal@clinicaresearch.comSajid A. Mulani sajid.mulani@clinicaresearch.com<p>Mental health, commonly known as behavioral health, is the psychological, emotional, and social well-being of an individual. It mostly affects a person’s ideas, emotions, behaviors, and relationships with other people. The idea that social media use and mental health are inextricably related appears to be the most intricate and varied. The effect of social media on mental health is a complicated topic with many moving parts. According to a countrywide survey carried out in India, as of 2023, approximately 67.5% of adults in the country utilize at least one social networking site; this percentage may be steadily increasing over time. Despite its numerous benefits, social media has also been connected to problems in society and poor mental health outcomes. People need to be aware of the potential risks of social media like disinformation, addiction, cyberbullying, data security and privacy concerns, and its possible effects on mental health. This review offers a thorough analysis of social media’s effects on mental health, and it demonstrates how crucial it is to develop a thoughtful and balanced relationship with our digital life to ensure that the advantages of connection do not come at the expense of our mental health.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11870Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in riverine communities in Nigeria’s Niger delta: implications for community-based interventions2023-10-12T12:55:11+00:00Akinwumi O. Fajolaakinfajola@gmail.comAlphonsus O. IsaraAlphonsus.Isara@shell.comAloni Alalialonialali@gmail.comBunmi Adetulab.adetula@shell.comSuodei Akengesuodei.Akenge@shell.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> The global burden of non-communicable diseases is enormous, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study assessed the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus and associated factors among adult residents of riverine communities in Niger delta region of Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study. Adults aged 18 years and above residing in riverine communities who attended a free medical outreach programme were screened for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Anthropometry and measurements were done using standard methods. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 1597 participants, 1066 (66.6%) were females, 470 (29.4%) overweight and 356 (22.3%) were obese. Their mean age was 41.0±14.5 years. The prevalence of hypertension diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia was 37.6%, 3.9% and 65.6% respectively. Significant predictors of hypertension were age ≥40 years (OR =3.86, CI: 2.59-5.75, p<0.001), male sex (OR=1.78, CI: 1.19-2.65, p=0.005), overweight (OR=1.92, CI: 1.19-3.11, p=0.008) and obesity (OR=1.73, CI: 1.05-2.85, p=0.032). No statistically significant association between demographic characteristics and diabetes mellitus was observed.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the riverine communities calls for an urgent need to set up community based noncommunicable diseases prevention programmes and then develop and implement effective targeted interventions to help residents of the riverine communities diagnosed with these conditions to better manage the disease.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11987The relationship between energy intake with stunting and wasting among toddlers in Aertembaga subdistrict, Bitung city2023-11-08T01:09:24+00:00Maureen I. Punuhreenbless@gmail.comRahayu H. Akiliakilirahayu@unsrat.ac.idArdiansa Tucunantucunanardiansa@unsrat.ac.id<p><strong>Background:</strong> Stunting and wasting are forms of malnutrition that can occur in toddlers. Stunting and wasting can increase the risk of physical and cognitive growth retardation. One of the factors directly causing stunting and wasting is energy intake. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between energy intake with stunting and wasting in toddlers.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was a type of quantitative research with an analytical survey method using a cross-sectional design conducted in Aertembaga district, Bitung city. The sample taken was 205 respondents using purposive sampling technique and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the chi square statistical test.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The percentage of stunted toddlers was 45.9%, not stunted was 54.1%. The percentage of toddlers with wasting was 8.3% and not wasting was 91.7%. Energy intake of toddlers in the sufficient category amounted to 35.6%, the less category amounted to 33.2% and the more category amounted to 31.2%.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There was an association between energy intake and stunting (p=0.005) and wasting (p=0.037) in toddlers. Optimization of stunting and wasting prevention programs is needed to reduce stunting and wasting rates among under-fives in Aertembaga sub-district, Bitung city.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12170Effect of post-discharge postnatal educational intervention on maternal self-efficacy among low-income primiparas living in informal settlements in Nairobi County, Kenya2023-12-18T17:07:03+00:00Immaculate Wambui Kamauimmaculate.kamau77@gmail.comMargaret Nyanchoka Kerakakeraka.margaret@ku.ac.keEliphas Gitongagitonga.eliphas@ku.ac.ke<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal knowledge and maternal self-efficacy (MSE) are crucial for the adoption of health-promoting evidence-based postnatal practices. Short hospital stay after normal deliveries curtails delivery of pre-discharge postnatal education thus inadequate knowledge and poor MSE. This is accentuated among low-income primiparas thus a need for post-discharge follow-up. Aim was to determine the effect of self-efficacy theory-based post-discharge postnatal education on low-income primiparas’ MSE.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: A Quasi-experimental study on low-income primiparas residing in selected slums in Nairobi, Kenya. The control and experimental sites had 118 primiparas each conveniently recruited on early discharge after normal delivery from health facilities serving the slums. An interviewer-administered entry questionnaire was applied to collect facility and demographic data. The intervention group received post-discharge PNE intervention and routine PNC while the control group received routine PNC only. Perceived maternal parental self-efficacy scale was used to measure MSE at 6 weeks. Focus group discussions were conducted for qualitative data. IBM SPSS was used to analyze data. Independent sample t-tests and multiple linear regression were derived.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> There was a significant (t=12.322, p=0.000) difference in MSE between experimental and control groups. The intervention was a significant predictor of MSE (β=0.59, p=0.00). Respondents appreciated the multi-pronged learning methods, especially the community health volunteers. COVID-19 pandemic challenges such as loss of livelihood and disruption of social connectedness were highlighted.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Self-efficacy theory-based follow-up PNE intervention improves MSE among low-income primiparas thus a valuable complement to routine care.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12159The effect of nutrition education on knowledge, nutrients intake, and physical activity of children with overweight and obesity at elementary school in Jakarta Indonesia2023-12-16T02:27:30+00:00Pritasaripritawaluyo@gmail.comDidit Damayantiddamayantisoelantoro@gmail.comSadiah Multi Karinasmultikarina@gmail.comAurasyifa S. Nixonaurasyifasalsabilan@gmail.comDiva Salsabiladivasalsabila65@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Obesity is one of the triple burden malnutrition in Indonesia, alongside undernutrition that increasing over the years. The study was done to evaluate the effect of four weeks nutrition education intervention among children with overweight and obesity.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was a cluster randomized control trial in two elementary school in Jakarta. SD Kramat Pela 07 were selected as a control and SD Kramat Pela 09 as an intervention group. Intervention on school children were conducted for four weeks. Samples were students who were selected with the criteria of having overweight and obesity. An education through video was delivered from the teachers consecutively to the students every week. Nutrition knowledge was collected with a Google-form questionnaire that consist of 15 questions. Nutrient intake was collected with 24-hour recalls before and after the intervention.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A significant increase of nutrition knowledge on both group after the intervention (p<0.05). There was a significant change of fiber intake (p<0.05) after four weeks of intervention. The average duration of physical activity for respondents showed an increase in the intervention group, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> After four weeks intervention, nutrition education improved the knowledge, nutrients intake, and physical activity among school children with overweight and obesity. We recommend the school authorities to enhance the capacity and capabilities of teachers in fostering efforts to improve the health and nutrition of students through school-based learning. Additionally, the consumption of fiber is considered an indicator of healthy food quality in controlling overweight and obesity.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12185Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the psycho-socioeconomic health of families in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state2023-12-26T13:04:23+00:00Ononugbo Chisom Euphrasiachisomononugbo@gmail.comVictor Ositadinma Nvenevictor.nvene@unn.edu.ngKassy Wilson Chukwukasikassy2kny@yahoo.comGolden Chukwuemeka Owhondagoldenowhonda@yahoo.comEsther Okwuchi Nvenenvenesther@gmail.comOsaeloka C. Ekwuemechristaindolus@yahoo.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aggressive COVID-19 restrictive mitigation measures of lockdown by nations are with consequent effects on the populations. This study aimed to assess the psychological and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 lockdown among families in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a cross sectional descriptive study of 409 household heads in Enugu metropolis. Data were analyzed using IBM statistical package 23.0 and test of significance set at 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of respondents was 37.2±8.7 years. Majority, 83.1% were restricted in movement. Stress (5.9%) and sexual abuse (6.5%) were noted psychological effects. About 44.3% were not satisfied with life, basic social services of market (34.2%), banking (23.5%) and educational services (9.3%). Also 44.5% were not satisfied with their economic situation as 35.2% had their working conditions affected, 30.3% complain of price increase and 20.0% had restriction to basic needs. Coping strategies adopted were reduced food ration (27.9%), low wages (22.5%) and sale of assets (6.8%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The psychological and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 lockdown significantly affected quality of life. Population will benefit from economic subsidies, psychotherapy and information, communication and technology (ICT) skills for learning and working from home.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12202Association between the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine and under-nutrition in children aged 10 to 59 months in Siaya County, Kenya2023-12-31T20:49:48+00:00Benard O. Ochiengbenkenyan@gmail.comShehu Awandushehuawandu@gmail.comSimon Kariukiskariuki1578@gmail.comAlice Kamaualice.kamau@lstmed.ac.ukBenard Asukeasuke31@gmail.comAsito Amolojakogwanjo@gmail.comDickens O. Adudadaduda@jooust.ac.keErick Muokemuok@kemri.go.ke<p><strong>Background:</strong> Under-nutrition is a global problem associated with infectious diseases including malaria. In this study, we explored the association between the newly introduced malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 and measles vaccine with under-nutrition in children.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a case-control study using anthropometric data for children aged between 10 and 59 months in Siaya County, Kenya collected from September to December 2021. Malaria and measles vaccines were the exposure variables, and under-nutrition, which is a composite variable including stunting and/or underweight was the outcome. Chi-square was used to test association between under-nutrition and the two vaccines. Further, a binary logistic regression was used to assess association between the vaccines, and independent variables with a confidence interval set at 95%.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> From a total of 1,701 children, 185 (16.8%) were undernourished. Among the undernourished children, 121 (11.0%) were stunted and 64 (5.81%) were underweight. The undernourished children were matched with children of normal nutritional status at a ratio of 1:1 giving a total of 370. Malaria vaccine coverage was low at 21.1% (39/370) and 17.3% (32/370) among undernourished and children with normal nutritional status respectively. Similarly, the measles vaccine coverage was 30.8% (57/370) and 36.2% (67/370) among cases and controls respectively. Neither exposure to malaria nor measles vaccines showed a statistically significant difference between the cases and controls.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> We found no statistically significant association between malaria vaccine and under-nutrition in children. While malaria vaccine is important in protecting children from the malaria disease effects, it is not a proxy intervention for under-nutrition.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12212Electronic device use and its adversities among BPH students of Kathmandu valley2024-01-04T11:24:26+00:00Puja Sharmapu.sharma100@gmail.comBirendra Kumar SinghVisitbirendra@gmail.comMaryada Neupanemaryadaneupane305@gmail.comNoora Shresthashrnoora@gmail.comPrapti Chandpraptichand@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Electronic devices here means devices like computer, laptop, smart phones, e-games etc. Recently the ownership, use and time-spent on electronic devices has increased dramatically on all age groups for the purpose of communication, entertainment, education, work, etc. and mostly adults are dependent on these devices.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive cross sectional was done among 248 BPH students of Kathmandu valley. Four colleges were selected through lottery method and 62 students of 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> year were conveniently selected from each college by disproportionate stratified sampling. Semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data which was analysed in SPSS version 21.0 and interpreted using bivariate test.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> All the respondents owned at least one electronic device. Smart phones were found to be the mostly used electronic device and entertainment was the main purpose for which the devices were used. 10.5% showed range of health adversities in relation to electronic device use with eye symptoms being the most common adversity. 80% were found to use electronic device before going to bed which was associated with the sleep quality of the respondents.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study concluded that time-spent on electronic device is high and using electronic devices before bed time was significantly associated with the sleep quality. Not just sleep quality but excessive use of these devices for long run had the risk of developing health effects like headache, eye, ear and musculoskeletal symptoms and few had mild health effects.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12213Exposure of children to fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10) in schools in the health districts of Yopougon, Abidjan2024-01-03T18:56:29+00:00Harvey Attoh-Toureharveyattohtoure@gmail.comKonan Roland Oussouous_roland@yahoo.frM'Begnan Coulibalym_begnan@yahoo.frNoufé Soualihounoufedoc@gmail.comN'Guessan Konannguesskonan@yahoo.frLoukou Konan Gilbertloukoukonanklg@gmail.comRené Kouaokouaorene@hotmail.frMohamed Konékonemohamed967@gmail.comIssaka Tiembréitiembre@gmail.comSimplice N'Cho Dagnan dagnansimplice@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> In Africa, the school environment is becoming a growing concern, as concentrations of fine particles inside classrooms are very high. We decided to estimate the level of exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> of schoolchildren in the health districts of Yopougon in Abidjan.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This was an analytical cross-sectional study of pupils aged 8 to 14 years in the health districts of Yopougon. Our study was conducted from 24 November 2020 to 18 January 2021. The pupils were selected by two-stage random sampling. A real-time fine-particle measurement instrument, the DYLOS 1700, and the ISAAC questionnaire were used to collect the parameters studied.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We surveyed 881 pupils from 08 schools. The sex ratio (M/F) of the pupils was 0.9 and the mean age was 12 years. Measurements of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> levels in the classrooms were 30 times higher than WHO standards and ranged from 200 to 1000 µg/m<sup>3</sup> and 1000 to 3000 µg/m<sup>3</sup> respectively. There was a significant link between the presence of pollution sites near schools and the increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> levels in classrooms. Clinical manifestations suggestive of asthma in pupils were significantly associated with high levels of PM<sub>2.5 </sub>and PM<sub>10</sub>.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pupils in Yopougon’s schools are exposed to high level of fine particle pollution that exceed WHO standards. Respecting and applying pollution reduction measures will help to create a school environment that is favourable to the respiratory health of pupils.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12224Association between dental appearance satisfaction and sociodemographic characteristics in Samarinda city, Indonesia2024-01-13T21:48:53+00:00Ana Fitri Nuryantianafitri420@gmail.comNisa Muthiahnisamuthiah@fk.unmul.ac.idSaiful Rokhimsaifulortho74@yahoo.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Confidence in the appearance of teeth affects a person's physical and psychological health. The appearance of teeth is influenced by factors such as age, gender, educational level and economic status. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between dental satisfaction and sociodemographic characteristics.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study has been conducted on 384 people aged 17 to 45 years in Samarinda City, Indonesia. The research instrument is a questionnaire on age, gender, educational level, family income, and six satisfaction questions about tooth appearance. Data analyzed descriptively and tested chi-square.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 222 respondents (57.8%) felt dissatisfied with the appearance of their teeth. Respondents with a younger age tend to be 1.262 times more dissatisfied compared to older ones. There was a significant relationship between age and satisfaction with the appearance of the teeth (p=0.017). No significant relationship was found between teeth appearance satisfaction with gender, educational level and economic status. Respondents who did not want to do orthodontic care tended to be 1.920 times more satisfied than those who wanted to do ortodontic treatment. The most desirable treatments respondents wanted to improve dental aesthetics were bleaching (57.6%) and orthodontist treatment (43.2%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There is a significant correlation between teeth appearance satisfaction and age factor in the Samarinda Indonesian population who are 17 to 45 years old; there is a meaningful relationship between desire for orthodontic care and teeth satisfaction.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12226Effect of stress management intervention I and II: relaxation and combination techniques (relaxation and lemon turmeric and honey) on the stress level of comorbid respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic in west Bogor district2024-01-09T08:38:17+00:00Eti Surtiatietisurtiati123@gmail.comIskari Ngadiartiiskaringadiarti@gmail.comAnna Sunitaannasunita2@gmail.comNi Putu Arianiniputu775@gmail.comBondan Palestinabondan.palestin@poltekkesjogja.ac.idAti Nurainianur_watbogor@yahoo.co.idAmid Salmidamidsalmid2@gmail.comRiyantoriyantooo.39@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study aimed to determine the effect of stress management I: progressive relaxation & 5 fingers, and stress management II: relaxation (progressive and 5 fingers) with lemon turmeric honey (lemonyit honey) on the stress level of cormobid respondents in the COVID-19 pandemic era.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group. The location was in the area with the highest Covid-19 cases and Rukun Warga (RW) with the largest population, namely West Bogor Subdistrict in Curug and Cilendek RW. The study population was all residents aged adults to pre elderly. Samples were taken randomly, by first screening for hypertension, diabetes and respiratory disorders in adults-pre elderly. Samples that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria were obtained 100 respondents, consisting of 3 groups; namely group 1 = 34 people received progressive relaxation techniques and five fingers for 60-90 minutes, group 2 = 30 people received a combination of relaxation techniques and lemonyit honey, and group 3 (control) = 36 people. Stress levels were measured using the Kurzen stress questionnaire. Data analysis included descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Stress management I and II, effectively controlling stress levels in the Covid-19 pandemic era in comorbid respondents.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Stress management I and II can reduce stress levels during the Covid-19 pandemic in respondents with cormobid. Stress management I and II, can be applied in health care facilities both in hospitals and communities during the Covid-19 pandemic, to reduce the stress levels of clients who have cormobid.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12355Missed HIV care appointments and high body mass index predict hypertension risks at diagnosis: a risk identifying opportunity among people living with HIV for global health2024-02-19T08:31:15+00:00Silvia Ngugimaina.sly@gmail.comCyrus Mutiepaulmutiecyrus@gmail.comVictoria WanjikuErithvictoria@gmail.comReagan Chweyareaganngoge@gmail.comJohn Gachohijgachohi@jkuat.ac.keKenneth Ngurekngure@jkuat.ac.ke<p><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic conditions, including diabetes and hypertension among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV), require long-term adherence to treatment and regular follow-ups for symptom checkups and management to prolong life and improve its quality. To inform the design of patient-centered HIV-NCD interventions, this study determined predictors of hypertension and diabetes (non-communicable diseases-NCD) among PLWHIV.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study adopted a cross-sectional study design. Attendance registers of PLWHIV attending the comprehensive care clinic at Murang'a referral hospital served as a sampling frame. The first study participant was randomly selected using a lottery method, while other participants were systematically sampled and enrolled. PLWHIV were clinically examined for NCD (hypertension and/or diabetes) screening and body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression models predicted associations with risk factors linked to the selected NCD among PLWHIV.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 281 PLWHIV were recruited, of these 192 (68%) were female, while 91% were aged above 35 years. We identified 77 (27%) PLWHIV with hypertension, and none had diabetes. About 70% of the PLWHIV with NCD missed HIV care appointments. About 89% of the PLWHIV were obese and overweight. Higher BMI (Odds ratio (OR)=1.15 95%CI 1.06, 1.24) and missing HIV care appointments (OR=2.12 95%, CI 1.23, 3.95) increased the risk of hypertension among PLWHIV.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We establish increased risks to NCD associated with higher BMI and missed scheduled HIV-linked care among PLWHIV. To improve global health, identifying and understanding determinants of missed HIV care appointments will help to re-engage defaulters while promoting regular screening for NCD profiles.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/10979Assessment of happiness among ASHAs, the grass root level health workers in post-COVID era in Eastern India: a cross-sectional study2024-01-26T19:56:54+00:00Aditi Aikataikat_aditi@yahoo.comBaijayanti Baurdrbbaur79@gmail.comUrmila Dasguptaurmila54@yahoo.co.in<p><strong>Background:</strong> The happiness of healthcare professionals is said to be positively affecting the quality of health care and the services provided by them. Presently, our country and its health care has been recovering from the brunt of COVID pandemic. Amid these changing circumstances, this study intends to assess the happiness among the key grassroot level workers, ASHAs in the post-COVID era and the factors affecting their happiness, as happiness is often put forward as one of the driving forces to peoples’ choices and actions.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A modified short version of Oxford happiness questionnaire was used to assess the happiness among the ASHAs selected through multistage sampling and interviewed to assess the facilitators and barriers to their happiness.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 112 ASHAs interviewed, 61.6% were happy, while 38.4% were unhappy. The variables like having commitment to work, mental alertness and ability to find beauty in many natural things had universal agreement, while not feeling healthy, or whether they find time for everything wanted have disagreement. Almost 87.5% felt they were not especially control of their lives and 41% were not being well satisfied with everything in life. The factors facilitating happiness were professional pride, altruism, quality of life, and major barriers identified were inadequate rest, imbalance in work-life, family issues, etc.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Positive reinforcement in terms of better workplace environment, time management skill enhancement, to strike a better work-life balance to ensure a happier version of themselves.</p>2024-02-12T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12292Mindful aging: an insightful examination of cognitive impairment in the elderly population of Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, using Mini-Cog scale2024-01-31T04:13:03+00:00Vinoth Kumar M.dr.vinoth0107@gmail.comThirunaaukarasu D.dr.vinoth0107@gmail.comGeetha M.dr.vinoth0107@gmail.comCatherine Rexy D.dr.vinoth0107@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> By 2050, United Nations projects that one in five Indians would be 60 years of age or older. This demographic transition is likely to be accompanied by substantial rise in prevalence of cognitive problems, which will have an impact on quality of life among elderly people. Effective screening at primary level would help in identification of burden of diseases and better planning at secondary and tertiary level.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A community-based cross-sectional study over a period of three months was conducted at Pulipakkam in Chengalpattu district. The estimated sample size was 215, and simple random sampling method was used. Elderly people aged 60 years and above who consented to participate were included in the study. After obtaining informed consent, they were screened using the Mini-Cog tool which combines a short memory test with a simple clock- drawing test followed by a recall component.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The 215 participants in total were screened. The mean age of participants was 66.02±3.83 years. The prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) based on Mini-Cog scale was 44.2%. Females (44.8%) had marginally higher prevalence than males (43.8%). CI was more prevalent among people over 65 years (57.6%). The likelihood of experiencing CI was higher among those who lived without their spouse (59.4%), were unemployed (53.7%), and who were smokers / alcoholics (63.7%). </p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Considering the high burden of CI, there is need for long term prospective research for a comprehensive profile of mental disorders at community level. Early assessment and detection of CI could help in improving quality of life of elderly. Implementing initiatives aimed at increasing awareness, reducing stigma, and conducting widespread screening using reliable tools.</p>2024-02-08T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12281Knowledge and lifestyle practices associated with non-communicable diseases risk factors among undergraduate students, Thiruvananthapuram, India: a mixed method study2024-01-29T12:43:54+00:00Sandhya Bijumonedrsandhyamph@gmail.comChitra Grace A.drsandhyamph@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Behaviors established in youth especially in college, have lifelong implications on themselves and their close family members. We intended to assess the knowledge of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors and associated lifestyle practices among undergraduate students.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a cross-sectional concurrent mixed method study among undergraduate students (n=486) aged 18-21 years, Kerala, India. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. In-depth interviews of five students were conducted from each college. Physical measurements including height and weight of the students were measured and reported to the participants. Data was collected from January to March 2019.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Forty-four percent (n=200) participants’ fathers were laborers or semi-skilled workers. Only 42.8% (n=208) of students had body mass index (BMI) within normal range. Nearly three fifth of students (58%, n=282) had poor knowledge of NCDs and proportion of students with knowledge of balanced breakfast was 11% (n=53). Regarding lifestyle practices, daily fruit intake was low (10%, n=45) and participants consuming vegetables daily was less than 40% (n=191). Lack of infrastructure supporting physical activities and healthy food choices at home and outside are some reasons mentioned by participants for sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary practices. Parental involvement played an important role in practicing healthy dietary practices and performing physical activity for leisure.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The knowledge and practices of undergraduate students regarding primary prevention of NCDs was poor. Community level action with involvement of parents will be helpful in the primary prevention of NCDs.</p>2024-02-19T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12331Effect of pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation on respiratory health status of people exposed to air pollution at Tirupati, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh2024-02-08T12:16:00+00:00P. M. Prathibaprathivijay2003@gmail.comM. Arunaarunamesa@yahoo.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Air pollution is a significant issue of global concern with implications for public health. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of air pollution on the respiratory health of individuals who are exposed to air pollution in Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study utilised a quantitative methodology and employed a randomised control design. A total of 300 individuals using cluster sampling method were selected for this study and divided into four groups. Three of these groups received different interventions, namely pulmonary intervention, vitamin C supplementation, and a combination of pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation, the fourth group served as the control group. These groups were investigated simultaneously and their outcomes were compared.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A notable disparity is observed in the mean scores between the pre-test and post-test measurements in the pulmonary intervention group (t=2.06, p=0.001), vitamin C supplementation group (t=3.22, p<0.001), and the combined pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation group (t=3.99, p<0.000). Conversely, the control group (t=1.21, p=0.23) did not exhibit a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test mean scores. A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean post-test scores between the experimental and control groups indicated by the derived f=3.578 and a corresponding p=0.014, which met threshold for statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> From the study findings it is concluded that Pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation has a positive impact on respiratory health status of people exposed to air pollution.</p>2024-02-19T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11713Patient centric factors affecting delay in self-diagnosis and seeking medical care for oral cancer: a cross-sectional study2023-09-06T05:20:48+00:00Nivedha K.nivedhak120396@gmail.comMadankumar P. D.madankumar21@yahoo.co.inK. Ranganathanranjay22@gmail.comM. B. Aswath Narayananmban1965@yahoo.comM. Kuzhalmozhikuzhaltkm@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Oral cancer is often detected in the advanced stage, with a low survival rate of 5 years and with increase in mortality which, affects patient quality of life. The early diagnosis would reduce the mortality rate and morbidity rate, by bringing a change in the quality of life.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> The study utilized convenient sampling method to select the participants. Participants who were diagnosed with oral cancer currently at 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> stage. Data collection was done using pre-validated self-administered questionnaire, which was provided to the participants through Google forms.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study demonstrated 43.1% people diagnosed with stage-3 oral cancer had an average delay of 34.6 months and 26% of stage-4 cancer patient had an average delay of 59.9 months to their first visit to treatment center. In this study 34% of the study participants were unaware and had lack of knowledge about oral cancer related symptoms. Self-medications/herbal medications, fear for the treatment, socio-economic factors, COVID-19/ lockdown restriction were also other reasons reported by patients.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prompt treatment is necessary in both advanced cases and early cases of oral cancer. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are all part of the treatment when given timely. Thus, early diagnosis plays a vital role in saving many live.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11839The effect of thyroid disorders on obstetric and perinatal outcomes: an observational retrospective study in a tertiary care center of north India2023-10-04T16:54:48+00:00Ankita Sharmaankita.virgo24@gmail.comKanik Panditakanikpandita@gmail.comUtkarsha Khajuriautkarsha2196925@gmail.comShazia Chowdharydr.shaziachowdhary@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> The incidence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy is between 0.5-3.5%, hyperthyroidism occurs in about 0.2-0.4%. They are associated with various maternal-fetal complications.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in SMGS Hospital, Jammu, India after ethical clearance. Admitted patients were included over a period of 1 year from January to December 2021. Inclusion criteria was women belonging to any period of gestation admitted to the labour room and woman with established thyroid disorder. Exclusion criteria was women on drugs influencing thyroid functions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> 1641 (10.43%) of 15722 women had thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism in 10.37% (8.99% subclinical and 1.37% overt) and hyperthyroidism in 0.06%. PPROM was seen in 5.9% subclinical, 2.7% overt hypothyroid, none of hyperthyroid group. 7% subclinical, 8.5% overt hypothyroid and 1/10 women in hyperthyroid group had GDM. Abruption seen in 2.5% subclinical, 1.7% overt hypothyroid and none in hyperthyroid. In subclinical group 3.2% had gestational hypertension, 5.2% had preeclampsia and 0.6% had eclampsia. In overt hypothyroid, 2.8% had gestational hypertension, 7.9% preeclampsia and 1.7% eclampsia. In hyperthyroid group, 1/10 had gestational hypertension, 1/10 had preeclampsia. 18.2% subclinical, 14.7% overt hypothyroid, 2/10 in hyperthyroid group had history of abortion. 7% subclinical, 9.6% overt hypothyroid and 0/10 hyperthyroid group had infertility. 25.8% babies born were abnormal in terms of less gestational age at birth, low birth weight, IUGR, low apgar and IUD. 16.5% babies that had low birth weight <2.5 kg.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The impact of thyroid disorders warrants routine screening for thyroid dysfunctions in all women in prenatal and antenatal period to predict and prevent adverse maternal-neonatal outcomes.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12030The impact of herpes zoster infection awareness program on myths, knowledge, and practices among the rural population of western Maharashtra2023-11-18T16:50:42+00:00Sagar Goyalgoyalsagar@gmail.comAkshay Salgarsalgar.akshay1@gmail.comGayatri G. Dhavalshankhgayatri13121999@gmail.comGanesh P. Dhavalshankhganeshdhavalshankh@gmail.comArchana G. Dhavalshankharchana9595@yahoo.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> In India, there is a paucity of population-based studies and data on herpes zoster in reporting herpes zoster cases. Several shreds of evidence reflect that the disease causes a burden on population health in India. Besides several known risk factors, myths, lack of knowledge, attitude, and practices towards treating this infection may affect the quality of life and disease burden. Imparting knowledge, awareness regarding myths and misconceptions, and early approaches for treatment can help prevent disease and complications in the population.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Our study variables were myths about herpes zoster infection, knowledge about herpes zoster infection, and attitudes and practices towards the treatment of herpes zoster infection and to evaluate the impact of health awareness programme on it. It is an interventional study where study population is the families of adopted villages by D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur from the rural population of western Maharashtra.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The awareness programme which was the intervention in this study, was effective in increasing the awareness about myths and knowledge about herpes zoster infection as well as positive impact related to treatment practices for herpes zoster infection among the rural population in the adapted villages in western Maharashtra.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The awareness programme which was the intervention in this study, was effective in increasing the awareness about myths and knowledge about herpes zoster infection as well as positive impact related to treatment practices for herpes zoster infection among the rural population in the adapted villages in western Maharashtra.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12146Interstate migration and its association with the prevalence of stunting in under-five children of the migrant families in Delhi-NCR, India: a cross-sectional study2023-12-13T07:24:26+00:00Venkata Soujanya Akkirajusoujanyaakkiraju09@gmail.comAden Bhutiadradenbhutia@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Interstate migration in India is increasing every year. Children of the migrant families often face poor living conditions and insufficient nutrition, as a result of various socio-economic determinants. This study aimed to understand the association between rural-to-urban migration and under-five stunting, and the various determinants involved. This study allows researchers to make pre and post pandemic comparison of stunting among migrant children in Delhi, since it was carried-out post the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried-out in the bhatti mines area of south Delhi, using a systemic sampling method. 100 households each of migrants and non-migrants were approached, and height of the under-five children was measured. Stunting was estimated using WHO child growth standards. Information on demography and socio-economic determinants was collected from the mothers using a questionnaire.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Stunting was recorded in 62% of the migrant under-five children and 27% in the non-migrant children, with a significant difference between the two groups (p value <0.001), indicating a significant association between migration and stunting. Source of drinking water (p<0.05) and recurring episodes of diarrhea (p<0.05) were also found to be strongly associated with under-five stunting.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Under-five nutritional deficits lead to compromised immunity and delay in physical and mental growth and development. It is important to recognize and address the diverse needs of the under-five migrant population’s health in order to avoid stunting and other serious manifestations.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12178Assessment of functional outcomes, level of fatigue, and risk of sarcopenia in COVID-19 patients at discharge: A cross sectional study2023-12-22T07:02:14+00:00Nithin Ravindran Nairnithinn11@gmail.comShruti Prabhakaran Nairshrutinair2008@gmail.comVrushali Prashant Panhalevrushali.d@rediffmail.comAmmarah Imtiaz Raviammarahraavi@gmail.comKhushboo Sitaram Jangidjangidkhushboo.kj@gmail.comSameer Sudhir Chandra Kadamdr.sameerkadam@gmail.com<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is emerging evidence with regards to reduced physical performance in patients recovering from COVID- 19 at time of hospital discharge. Assessing various functional parameters at discharge would shed light on the multi-system affection that could be helpful in formulating rehabilitation goals for the patient. Objectives of the study were to assess the physical performance, functional capacity, muscular strength, level of fatigue, and risk of sarcopenia in COVID-19 patients at discharge using short physical performance battery test, 1 minute sit to stand test, grip strength, fatigue assessment scale, SARC-CalF Scale respectively.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study comprised of 42 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 recruited from a tertiary care hospital. Demographic details and clinical variables were documented. Participants were assessed for physical performance, muscular strength, level of fatigue, functional capacity, and risk of sarcopenia. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The study comprised of 42 participants including 71.43% males (N=30) and 28.57% females (N=12) having mean age of 49.86±15.83 years. Findings of the assessed parameters were as follows: SPPB=7.57±2.84, 1 MSST=13.17±5.79 repetitions, grip strength=19.44±8.38 kg, FAS=19.79±10.83, SARC-CalF score=5.19±4.83. There was a weak positive correlation found between CT severity score and level of fatigue (r=0.325, p=0.036).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a descriptive information about the functional outcomes of COVID -19 patients at discharge which can further be utilized for development of a tailor-made exercise program.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12183A knowledge, attitude and practices based study to know the awareness and acceptance of contraceptive methods in married couples coming to well-baby clinic of a tertiary care centre in Panvel, Maharashtra, India2023-12-29T06:20:47+00:00Sonal Milind Rautdrsonal.raut@srisathyasaisanjeevani.orgRishikesh Ajit Wadkedrrishikesh.wadke@srisathyasaisanjeevani.orgChittuuri Subrahmanya Srinivasdrsrinivas.cs@srisathyasaisanjeevani.orgRupali Gaikwadrupalisgaikawad91@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Family planning plays a major role in improving the financial, nutritional, educational, social well-being of a family as a unit. To study the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of various family planning methods in eligible couples.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Prospective Qualitative study was carried out from June 2021 - December 2022 on data of 180 eligible couples selected randomly from Well-Baby Clinic, collected through pretested and validated standardized questionnaire. Sample size was estimated scientifically. Results were arrived by descriptive statistical tests and correlational statistics using software’s like excel, SPSS.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The level of knowledge of contraceptive methods was 89.44% for OC pills, 67.08% depot medroxyprogesterone, 97.22% condoms, 84.03%, IUCD, 93.56% for female and 98.04% for male sterilization. Overall acceptance of any type of contraception was 55%, most commonly used method being condoms i.e.78.49%, OC pills 12.90%, IUCD 6.35%, depot 1.37% and 45% were using natural methods. Major factors affecting acceptance were desire to have more children, hesitancy to seek, lack of knowledge, decision making power of a woman in the family.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Since our research finds contraceptive acceptance at 55% much lower than state average, we look into components of gender dynamics and offer array of choices to couples so that a well informed choice free of gender bias is taken. Continuity of personalized and dignified couple counseling from preconceptional, antenatal to postnatal period is emphasized to increase contraceptive acceptance. We recommend well baby clinics as effective point of delivery for family welfare activities using gender sensitive cafe-teria approach.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12188A study on knowledge, attitude and practices towards research among medical post graduate students2023-12-27T07:04:45+00:00Tejaswini Jungadr.tejumedico@gmail.comPartha Sarathy Naidanasarathynp1@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Research is crucial for the scientific progress of the health of individuals and communities. Understanding the concept of evidence-based medicine needs strong research knowledge. Research assures understanding of the subject and improves the knowledge of the students. This study was aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practices among medical post graduate students and to study the sociodemographic factors. And to determine the association of knowledge with various sociodemographic factors.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> An analytical cross-sectional study conducted during a period of two months among the medical post graduate students studying in a private medical college. Knowledge, attitude and practice were assessed by using self- administered questionnaire among 117 post graduate students. Likert scale was used to assess the knowledge component.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Among 117 study subjects 47% were first year 27.4% were second year and 25.6% were third year among which the overall adequate knowledge was 86.3%, positive attitude was 95.7% and good practices according to the study scale was only 29.1%. Level of knowledge and practices were found to be having significant association with the academic year studying in (p value <0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The post graduate students had adequate knowledge and positive attitude but had poor practices towards research. Adequate research helps to bridge the gaps in research and help the future generations in developing new interventions.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12189An evaluation of primary immunization coverage among 12-23 months children in an urban area of western Maharashtra: a community based cross sectional study2023-12-27T10:58:42+00:00Vilas S. ManeVilasmane29@gmail.comGajanan M. JattiVilasmane29@gmail.comLagdir L. GaikwadVilasmane29@gmail.comS. M. Mulje Vilasmane29@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Infectious diseases are major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. One of the most cost effective and easy methods for the child survival is immunization. Objective was to determine the immunization coverage and find out the various factors and its reasons for partial or non-immunization of child.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was carried out for the assessment of immunization coverage in the field practice area of the urban health training center using WHO 30×7 clusters sampling method during March 2021 to October 2022. A total of seven children aged 12-23 months were interviewed from each cluster on pretested, predesigned schedule, thus giving us the sample size of 210. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 210 children aged 12-23 months were included in the study. It was found that 158 (75.24%) of the children were found to be fully immunized. While 49 (23.34%) and 3 (1.42%) nonimmunized respectively. Most common reason for partial and non-immunization of children was found to be obstacles and lack of motivation on the part of parents. There is only statistically significant association between education of mothers and immunization status of children.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Increasing the knowledge and understanding of the caretakers of the young children abouts the essentiality and benefits of routine immunization would be a strong step forward in achieving the goals.</p> <p> </p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12190A hospital-based descriptive study of Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan-Arogya Yojana: an analysis of 4844 claims2023-12-27T13:26:32+00:00Samina Muftidr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.comIfrah Khalildr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.comTuaiba Alidr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.comHammad Muftidr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.comAnam Iqbaldr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.comRabbanie Tariqdr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.comFarooq A. Jandr.ifrahkhalil@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Current study was undertaken to analyze Ayushman Bharat claims settled during the initial two years of launch of the scheme in an empaneled, public hospital in northern India. Objective was descriptive analysis of 4844 settled claims in terms of demographic characteristics of beneficiaries, procedures and packages availed by them in an empaneled public hospital during the initial two years of the launch of the scheme.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional records study of 4844 settled claims was conducted in a public, empanelled 1015 bedded tertiary care multi-specialty hospital of north India. Anonymized data was collected from the transaction management module of AB-PMJAY scheme and hospitalization record of patients retrieved from medical records department.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study revealed that around 4844 claims were settled during the initial two years (December 2018 to December 2020). Highest number of claims (43.33%) were availed under general medicine category. Chemotherapy packages availed under medical oncology were 37.45% of all claims. Interventional cardiology packages were the costliest.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study provides an insight into the frequency of various claims, their costs, disease/procedural burden of beneficiary patients of AB-PMJAY. It will provide policy feedback and help in future planning and implementation of the scheme.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12195Prevalence of noise-induced health hazards and occupational safety practices among welders in Mysuru city: a cross-sectional study2023-12-29T14:16:05+00:00Keerthik A. J.drajkeerthik@gmail.comNayanabai Shabadinayanabaishabadi@jssuni.edu.inMounika Sree M.mounikasreem@jssuni.edu.in<p><strong>Background:</strong> Occupational exposure to noise is a significant concern in the welding industry, posing potential health hazards to workers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of noise-induced health hazards, knowledge regarding these hazards, and the practice of preventive measures among welders in Mysuru City.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected from welders in Mysuru City, including noise exposure levels, perceived stress levels, insomnia prevalence, and demographic characteristics. The association between the number of years of noise exposure and auditory/non-auditory health effects was analysed. Participants' awareness of noise-induced health hazards and the use of protective equipment were also evaluated.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study included male participants, predominantly below 30 years of age, with a majority (74.3%) belonging to the Muslim community. Decreased hearing (11.5%) and sleep disorders (3%) were reported by participants. About half (53.7%) were aware of noise-induced health hazards, with a high usage of safety glasses but limited use of earplugs. Most had exposure to noise for less than 5 years. Moderate levels of perceived stress and low prevalence of insomnia were observed. Significant associations were found between the number of years of noise exposure and both auditory/non-auditory health hazards, as well as between age category and auditory health effects.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study reveals the prevalence of noise-induced health hazards among welders in Mysuru City and highlights the importance of promoting occupational health and safety measures. Raising awareness and encouraging the use of protective measures are crucial to mitigate the adverse effects of noise exposure in the welding industry.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12197A cross sectional study on stress and its determinants among doctors in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu2023-12-30T07:34:00+00:00Sundari Vellaiduraisundhuvellaidurai@gmail.comRajendran Araneri Krishnansundhuvellaidurai@gmail.comArun Jayakumar Udayakumarsundhuvellaidurai@gmail.comDeepapriya Sivasundhuvellaidurai@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Doctors routinely work in a highly stressful environment where death and adverse health outcome are the most common events. This study helps to estimate the prevalence of stress and to determine the stress influencing and relieving factors among doctors in Tirunelveli district.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross sectional study conducted among 200 doctors working in Government and Private Hospitals of Tirunelveli District, were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected using pretested questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used to assess the stress score. Analysis was done by using SPSS version26.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Among the 200 participants, 97 (48.50%) were males and 103 (51.50%) females. Mean PSS score was 23.21±7.74. Moderate stress reported in 116 (58%) study participants, 67 (33.50%) participants have high stress and 17 (8.50%) have low stress. There was statistically significant association between stress and lack of sleep less than 6 hours per day (p=0.005). The main stress influencing factors were working environment (39%) and public behaviour (28%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> To prevent potentially fatal medical errors, doctors under stress should receive appropriate counselling, adequate sleep, and maintain regular communication with administrative staff.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12203Profile of the patients suffering from non-communicable diseases attending outpatient department of an urban health training center- a cross sectional study2024-01-01T17:13:04+00:00Abhishek Naidudrrbgurav65@gmail.comRavindra Guravdrrbgurav65@gmail.comAmit Yadavdrrbgurav65@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Non-communicable diseases continue to be an important public health problem in India. These diseases are responsible for a major proportion of morbidity and mortality. In view of this, study was conducted among patients suffering from non-communicable diseases attending outpatient department of an urban health training center of a medical college to know their profile.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted in the month of September, 2023 at an urban health training center. All the patients suffering from non-communicable diseases attending outpatient department during above month were included in the study using purposive sampling method. Predesigned and pretested proforma was used to collect the data. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and appropriate statistical methods. The statistical level of significance was fixed at p<0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> 4670 new patients attended outpatient department, of which 269 (05.76%) were suffering from non-communicable diseases. 136 (52.92%) were suffering from hypertension, 105 (40.86%) were of diabetes, 07 (02.72%) were of stroke and 09 (03.50%) were of other non-communicable diseases. 12 (04.46%) patients were suffering from both hypertension and diabetes. 131 (50.97%) were above 60 years of age. 139 (54.09%) were males and 118 (45.91%) were females. 50 (19.46%) patients were illiterate while 207 (80.54%) were literate (p<0.05). 42 (16.34%) patients were having family history of non-communicable diseases. 40 (15.56%) and 62 (24.12%) patients were doing yoga and exercise respectively. 77 (29.96%) patients were smokers or consuming tobacco or alcohol.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The growing problem of non-communicable diseases can be effectively controlled by empowerment of community through effective health education, utilizing services of trained health care workers, advanced health care services and social insurance.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12214Adverse pregnancy outcome and its association with the various determinants of current pregnancy in a district hospital, urban Bengaluru, India2024-01-03T13:14:45+00:00Darshan Hoysanahalli Shivashankarappadarshanhs1996@gmail.comNeha Annet Joynehajoy31@gmail.comSangeetha M. D.sangeethamd33@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Maternal health is a crucial aspect of public health, directly influencing pregnancy outcomes. Adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, cesarean delivery, and abortion, reflect poor maternal health and contribute to maternal mortality and infant mortality rates. Antenatal care (ANC) and institutional delivery are pivotal strategies to mitigate maternal and fetal complications. However, the escalating rates of cesarean sections in India, surpassing the WHO-recommended threshold, present a severe public health challenge.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted in urban Bengaluru from January to July 2023, aimed to identify adverse pregnancy outcomes and their determinants among women aged 15 to 49 in India. Data from maternal birth and labor records were analyzed, encompassing sociodemographic factors, obstetric characteristics, and adverse outcomes.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study revealed a 20.8% magnitude of adverse pregnancy outcomes. It was found to be higher among women in the age group above 30 years, multigravida, have low blood pressure (BP) both systolic and diastolic, B blood group, positive Rh type, a male baby. In bivariate analysis, higher odds were observed among women in the 30-49 age group, body mass index overweight category, active management of the third stage of labor, and delayed cord clamping were found to be statistically significant.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study underscores the urgency for an expanded action plan to enhance maternal healthcare in India. While governmental initiatives exist, there remains a pressing need to address unnecessary caesarean deliveries and associated complications. The findings advocate for heightened awareness, community health worker training, and stringent guidelines on the necessity of caesarean sections.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12215Accuracy and validity of common dental terms using chat GPT model: a cross-sectional study2024-01-03T15:38:12+00:00Keerthana Sree V.drkeerthanasree97@gmail.comKumara Raja Balasubramaniandrkumararaja87@gmail.comMadan Kumar Parangimalai Diwakardrkeerthanasree97@gmail.comMenaka Sathish Vasudevanshwarnamenaka@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Chat generative pre-trained transformer, an artificial intelligence chatbot can generate text-based content for information purpose. This study aims to find the accuracy and reliability of the chat GPT generated definitions for 30 common dental terms.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A 15 current dental teaching staffs grading from Professors and Readers of various specialities participated in this study. They graded the chat GPT generated terms on a 5-point Likert scale (1- Strongly disagree, 2- Disagree, 3- Neutral, 4- Agree, 5- Strongly disagree). Scores were obtained and descriptive statistics was done and compared using Mann-Whitney U test.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Among 30 dental terms, 13 terms which were generated from the chat GPT model were found to be more appropriate when compared to text book definition. On comparison of reviewers’ perceptions for accuracy of definitions generated from chat GPT compared with text book definitions in which among the 30 dental terms, 9 terms were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05*).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Chat GPT is a potential tool for answering knowledge based questions with equal vigor in the field of dentistry. Moreover, the accuracy of Chat GPT to solve questions in dentistry has a relational level of accuracy.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12217Feasibility of tele-rehabilitation in low resource setting: perceived barriers and facilitators among physiotherapy professionals2024-01-05T10:35:50+00:00Anulucia Augustineanulucia04@gmail.comPriyadarshani Katalkarpriyadarshanik@mgmcopnm.edu.inDivya Kokaldivyakokal10@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Robust evidence illustrates the significance and efficacy of telerehabilitation to optimize the participation in rehabilitation program taking into account organisational, geographical and transportation aspects. Despite knowing the remarkable benefits, there exist an array of challenges to implement telerehabilitation services in a setting with meagre resources. In order to augment the uptake of telerehabilitation services, our study aims to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators to telerehabilitation among Physiotherapy professional in a resource limited setting.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional survey was conducted among physiotherapy professionals in Maharashtra using a questionnaire with a content validation index of 0.95. The survey sought to ascertain the awareness, barriers, facilitators and strategies to improve practice of telerehabilitation.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 450 Physiotherapists were invited, of which, 201 participated in the study. The major barriers to telerehabilitation were inaccuracy in obtaining adequate information (n=149, 74%), lack of face-to-face monitoring (n=131, 65%) and physical limitation in older adults (n=114, 57%); on the other hand, the facilitators were reduced transportation time to hospital/clinic (n=132, 67%) and improved accessibility to healthcare services (n=125, 62%). The factors that enabled the patients to participate were flexible appointment schedule (n=139, 69%) and minimal transportation costs (n=129, 64%). Furthermore, the participants majorly considered encouraging patients’ appropriate environment, insurance coverage, training and upskilling of clinicians as the strategies to improve practice.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The implementation of telerehabilitation program has been limited due to perceived constraints associated with various organizational, geographical and patient factors. However, physiotherapists reported strategies to improve practices could be implemented to accelerate the utilization of telerehabilitation services.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12232Deciphering the health profile of police personnel in the Jaipur Commissionerate2024-01-10T17:14:04+00:00Giriraj Sharmasomyathakan@gmail.comSomya Thakansomyathakan@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Since its founding, the police force has required its employees to operate in hazardous and stressful conditions, and today's force is exposed to physically demanding tasks, irregular working hours, high levels of stress, and encounters with dangerous situations. Dealing with some of society's most difficult social problems. It is a line of work in which employees may be exposed to traumatic situations in which their health and well-being are directly jeopardised. Unhealthy lifestyles and demanding work conditions predispose the police force to a variety of non-communicable as well as communicable diseases.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2018 and November 2020 on a representative sample of 4263 across various ranks and units posted in the jurisdiction area of the Jaipur commissionerate.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The age group of the study was from 35 to 60 years of age, with a mean age of 50 years. Out of the total sample, the response rate was 96%. The average height and weight were 173.09 cm and 77.48 kg, respectively. The basal metabolic index (BMI) was 25.9 on average.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> By improving the overall well-being of police officers, not only can their quality of life be enhanced, but their effectiveness in ensuring public safety and maintaining law and order can also be optimised.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12233A study on indoor air pollution and its impact on health in urban field practice area: a community-based study2024-01-10T18:10:49+00:00Arun P. Sasiarunpsasi59@gmail.comRekha S. Udgirirekha.udgiri@bldedu.ac.in<p><strong>Background:</strong> As per the 2022 World Air Quality Report, India holds the eighth position globally for air pollution, with Karnataka in South India experiencing notably poor air quality, leading to 95 deaths per 100,000 population annually. Indoor air pollution poses substantial health risks, contributing to conditions such as pneumonia, stroke, diabetes, lung cancer, and premature mortality.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study, conducted from April to July 2023 in the urban area of UHTC, Chandabowdi, aimed to assess indoor air pollution's impact. Using simple and systematic random sampling, 128 household members were surveyed through in-person interviews with ethical clearance.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Of 128 participants, 44% reported respiratory symptoms, and 94% practiced unsanitary waste disposal. Ventilation issues affected 32.8%, while 75.8% reported neighborhood pollution. LPG was the primary fuel source for 97.7% of households, indicating significant environmental and health concerns.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Urgent action is needed to address indoor air pollution's health impacts. Clean technologies, improved building design, and lifestyle changes are essential to mitigate risks. Continuous monitoring and collective efforts are necessary for a healthier and sustainable future.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12245Barriers to the accessibility of health insurance in elderly patients attending NCD clinic in a tertiary care hospital Trichy, Tamil Nadu: a mixed-method study2024-01-16T12:49:50+00:00Deodatt M. Suryawanshidrdeodattms1983@gmail.comDivya Rajasehranrajaseharandivya@gmail.comKalaipriya Gunasekarangkpriyaa@gmail.comSuguna Anzbhagansugucommed87@gmail.comSandeep Malisandeepmali167@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Health insurance schemes launched by governments have been inadequate to provide health coverage to the vulnerable elderly population. This research aimed to study the prevalence, preference, and pattern of health insurance coverage among the study participants and barriers to its accessibility.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> It was a facility-based Sequential explanatory mixed-method study where patients above 60yrs attending the non-communicable disease OPD were recruited by systematic random sampling and enquired using a semi-structured questionnaire for the prevalence, preference, and pattern of health insurance. Focussed Group discussions (FGD) were later conducted to explore the barriers faced by participants in accessing health insurance.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Health Insurance coverage among the study participants was 74.5%. Of the participants who had any type of health insurance, 86.7% had public health insurance. About three fourth (73.8%) of those who had health insurance were covered under the CMCHIS. Mean health insurance coverage provided was significantly higher by private health insurance (INR170897.4) as compared to both the LIC and CMCHIS (p<0.01) while premium charged was significantly higher for LIC (INR 10003.3/yr.) as compared to others (p<0.01). Institutional issues, lack of awareness, and economic dependence on children were considered as barriers to the accessibility of health insurance among elderly.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A dedicated universal Health Insurance Programme with higher monetary coverage and low premium involving all elderly populations may provide necessary financial risk protection and reduce out-of-pocket health expenditure.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12247Decoding the diagnostic landscape of adnexal masses: a retrospective observational study at a tertiary care centre assessing the efficacy of the RMI-2 index2024-01-16T16:56:10+00:00Sheetal Shahusheetalshahu429@gmail.comManisha Asranimanishaasrani.ma@gmail.comNitin Raithathanitinraithatha@gmail.comSaurabh Parmarsaurabh.parmar17@gmail.comSmruti Vaishnavsmrutiv@charutarhealth.orgRumi BhattacharjeeRumigynae@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study aimed to determine the utility of RMI 2 in distinguishing benign and malignant adnexal masses in low-income countries.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> For the purpose of this retrospective observational study, relevant data from patients who attended a tertiary care institution in central Gujarat between June 2020 and June 2022 were obtained from the Medical Records Department (MRD). Ultrasound and biochemical parameters along with epidemiological factors were identified and an RMI 2 score was calculated followed by statistical analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Twenty-five (37.87%) of the sixty-six instances that were investigated were benign, two (3.03%) were borderline, and thirty-nine (59.09%), were malignant. Using RMI 2 at the traditional cut-off value of 250, results showed a sensitivity of 85.2% (95 %; CI=68.9-95.05), a specificity of 66.6% (95 %; CI=47.1-82.7 %), a positive predictive value of 74.36%, and a negative predictive value of 80.0 %. The ROC showed an AUC of 0.68 (CI=0.5-0.7) with a standard error of 0.07 (p=0.009).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> With a cut-off point of 250, RMI 2 was able to identify malignant masses with an 85.2% sensitivity and 66.6% specificity to enable timely referral to more advanced institutions for improved management in resource-constrained settings where its affordability and user-friendliness are favourable.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12261Assessment of the utilisation of monetary aid and its indicators among patients on anti-tubercular treatment in north India: a cross sectional study2024-01-19T18:31:05+00:00S. Danish Iqbaaliqbalsdalig@gmail.comM. Athar Ansariatharansari777@reddifmail.comAli Jafar Abedialijafarabedi@gmail.comSaira Mehnazdocsaira@gmail.comJubair Shamsishamsijubair@gmail.com<p><strong>Background: </strong>A good dietary practices are for plays a crucial role in influencing recovery from tuberculosis and it is a modifiable risk factor. Adequate nutrition is needed for faster recovery along with proper drug absorption and other thermodynamics of drugs besides adherence to drug treatment. It helps in better weight gain besides others benefits. So, the government of India started Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) and providing monetary aid in form of Direct Benefit Transfer since March 2018 for patients. As there are very few studies which have tried to analyze and explore the effect of direct monetary benefits in many schemes. Aim and objectives of current study was to assess monetary support indicators and its utilization among TB patients.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted where the patients were taken using sequential sampling from Designated Microscopic Centers from January 2020 to December 2021. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and results were presented in tabular form.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Approximately 63.9% patients received Direct Benefit Transfer money. Approximately 69.5% of those who received money used it. However, no significant association ascertained between DBT money used and under-nutrition.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Knowledge about TB and DBT should be provided through already existing ICT tool. Purpose of DBT money should be stressed at initiation of treatment to eliminate TB by 2025 as envisioned under National TB elimination program.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12266Knowledge attitude and practice towards COVID-19 booster dose among health care workers: a cross sectional study2024-01-22T09:37:53+00:00Arathy V.arathy.venugopal18@gmail.comShailaja S. Patilshailaja.patil@bldedu.ac.inTanuja P. Pattankartanuja.pattankar@bldedu.ac.in<p><strong>Background: </strong>Amidst the emerging COVID-19 variants worldwide, India started the COVID precautionary or booster dose vaccination by early 2022. Protecting the healthcare force is crucial, as they are critical drivers in increasing vaccine uptake among the public. Objective was to assess COVID-19 Booster dose vaccine coverage among Health Care Workers (HCWs) and to know the reasons for vaccine booster dose hesitancy.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted among health care workers in Vijayapura city, during April-May 2022. The questionnaire in google form was shared to the target population, wherever necessary phone in interview was done. Data was tabulated in MS office Excel and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 275 participants from different levels of health care system, 50% were males, 75% in age group <40 years and 67% were from urban area. 37% of the participants took precautionary dose of vaccine against COVID-19. Among those who did not take a booster shot, 22.5% were hesitant to take the vaccine and the reasons were: “Lack of faith in vaccination”, “two doses are sufficient”, and “Fear of side effects”. Socio demographic factors such as age, gender and residence were found to be statistically significant with the COVID Booster vaccination status.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Majority health workers are aware of booster dose vaccination, reasons for not taking booster dose were mainly lack of need and fear of side effects.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12267Oral health problems among school children in rural area: a cross-sectional study2024-01-22T16:03:30+00:00Jayalekshmi C. S.drjayalekshmics@gmail.comShrikant S. Birajdarbirajdarshrikant1111@gmail.comKeerthana C.drkeerthanachandran@gmail.comRavindra B. Guravdrrbgurav65@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Students are the wealth of the nation as they constitute one of the important segments of the population. The foundation of good health and sound mind is laid during the school age period. During this period, they are vulnerable to various oral health problems. These conditions are the hurdles in their physical, mental, emotional, and social development. In view of this, a study was conducted to assess the oral health status of the school students in rural areas.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Cross-sectional study was conducted in rural area among school children in the month of March 2023. Standard proforma was used to record the data related to oral morbidity among the subjects. Data entry and statistical analysis was done with the help of Microsoft Excel. ꭓ<sup>2</sup> and SE (p<sub>1</sub>-p<sub>2</sub>) tests were used to compare difference in categorical variables. The statistical level of significance was fixed at p<0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> 432 students were examined. 226 (52.31%) subjects were having oral morbidity. 151 (66.81%) subjects in the age group of 5-10 years while 75 (33.19%) in the age group of >10-16 years were having oral health problems (p<0.05). 155 (59.73%) students from primary section and 71 (40.27%) students from secondary section were suffering from oral morbidity (p<0.05). Dental caries was observed among 194 (44.91%) subjects followed by mouth ulcers (09.72%). 143 (53.36%) underweight subjects were suffering from dental caries (p<0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Common oral health problems found in school going children can be addressed with the implementation of school health program in effective way. These common infirmities can be prevented by actively involving parents and teachers in school health services.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11879Determinants of teenage pregnancies in a rural area of Zambia: a case study of Chipili district, Zambia2023-10-14T15:10:50+00:00Mercy Kanswata Lukwesamanomercy99@gmail.comPeter Chungulomanomercy99@gmail.comEustarckio Kazongamanomercy99@gmail.com<p>Teenage pregnancies are a serious public health issue around the world and Zambia in particular. This is driven by many factors. The general objective of the study was to explore determinants of teenage pregnancy in Chinshinki village, Chipili district. This was a qualitative study, which adopted a phenomenological study design. Data was collected using a focus group discussion with teenage mothers and four key informants. Participants were purposively selected based on the in-depth knowledge and experience of the phenomenon studied. The data collected was analysed using thematic analysis. The study showed that despite being aware of the various methods of contraception, teenagers still have negative attitudes toward their use. Cultural beliefs of not discussing sexual matters at household level have led to teenagers to search for guidance and information from their peers. The study also revealed that the reduced accessibility and awareness on reproductive health information was influenced by the healthcare workers who did not provide this information to the teenagers in their respective communities. The study showed that despite being aware of the various methods of contraception, teenagers are still not willing to fully utilize these methods. This perception stems from misinformation provided by their peers who play an important role regarding teenagers' decisions about engaging in risky sexual behaviour.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12090Perceptions of volunteers on the effectiveness of Kenya Medical Training College-run free medical camps in enhancing access to healthcare by vulnerable communities2023-12-04T06:24:21+00:00Zachary O. Ombasazombasa8@gmail.comJonah R. NyachaeJnyachae@kmtc.ac.keUrbanus MutisoUmutiso@kmtc.ac.keRaphael Mutisormutiso@kmtc.ac.keNicholas Kwingankwinga@kmtc.ac.keLuciana Kalokilkaloki@kmtc.ac.keJames MusovyaJmusovya@kmtc.ac.keVincent Kinyaevnzondi@kmtc.ac.keGilbert K. Nguutuzombasa8@gmail.comEmma Ntheiekalunda@kmtc.ac.keLoise Mwangilwairimu@kmtc.ac.keLuciah Jonahljonah@kmtc.ac.keRedempta MutisyaRmutisya@kmct.ac.ke<p>In certain regions of Kenya, such as Nyahururu, Kabarnet, Kasikeu, and Mbooni, inadequate access to healthcare services contributes to avoidable deaths. Organizations like the Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC) address this challenge by organizing free medical camps, involving both local and international volunteer healthcare workers. This study explored the effectiveness of KMTC's free medical camps through interviews with 18 key informants, including faculty, non-faculty members, and community leaders from purposefully sampled hardship areas, namely, Nyahururu, Kabarnet, Kasikeu, and Mbooni. The study found that KMTC's free clinics offered crucial services like curative care, immunization, maternal and child health services, disease sensitization, reproductive health services, and substance abuse education. However, limitations were identified, including a shortage of medications, lack of specialized screening, follow-up care, and referral services. Resources available included community health volunteers, KMTC and hospital staff, socio-structural support, and physical infrastructure. Challenges faced by volunteers included motivation issues, inadequate facilitation, limited stakeholder involvement in planning, and perceived service comprehensiveness issues. Despite these challenges, the community acknowledged the vital role of medical camps in delivering essential services to marginalized groups. Addressing resource shortages, enhancing stakeholder engagement, improving service comprehensiveness, and boosting volunteer motivation were highlighted as crucial steps to maximize community benefits.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12133Effect of six-week core strengthening exercises on inspiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis2023-12-12T07:05:05+00:00Priyanka D. Waghmarepwaghmare1996@gmail.comArijit K. Daspwaghmare1996@gmail.comAbhijit D. Diwatepwaghmare1996@gmail.com<p>This study aims to evaluate the effect of core strengthening exercises on inspiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with CKD undergoing Haemodialysis. The study included 10 patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis according to the eligibility criteria. All patients performed core strengthening exercises for 6 weeks (2 times/week). The outcome measures are assessed before and after the intervention using inspiratory muscle strength and functional capacity. We found significant improvements in inspiratory muscle strength (p=0.150) and functional capacity (p=0.004) after the core strengthening exercises. At the end of the result, we concluded that the core strengthening exercise program improves the inspiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with CKD undergoing Haemodialysis.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12167Eyesight to insight: evidence from urban eye health programme2023-12-29T09:54:05+00:00Ananta Basudev Sahuananta.iips@gmail.comHimadri Tripathihtripathi@sightsaversindia.orgSandeep Buttansbuttan@sightsaversindia.orgPrasannakumar P. N.prasannakumar@sightsaversindia.orgKaruna Bhatiakaruna.bhatia@sc.com<p>India, with a population exceeding 1.486 billion, faces substantial challenges in urban eye health, particularly in densely populated states like Uttar Pradesh. This study delves into real-world impact of urban eye health programme, implemented in Kanpur and Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, aiming to identify success factors and examine the tangible effects of interventions through comprehensive endline study. Utilizing a hub-and-spoke model, the programme established base hospitals as hubs and vision centres as spokes, creating a network for affordable and accessible eye care. The project significantly improved accessibility, with over 85% in Kanpur and 97% in Prayagraj reporting easy access to vision centres. A shift in community behaviour was observed, with a preference for vision centres for eye examinations increasing from 5.6-64.6% in Kanpur and 10.6-57.1% in Prayagraj. The programme empowered women to prioritize their eye health, reaching 53% of women for eye screening. Community perception shifted positively, with over 82% in Prayagraj recognizing the programme's pivotal role. In Kanpur, 87.5% of women actively take charge of their eye health decisions, while 99.1% do so in Prayagraj. This empowerment underscores programme commitment to providing equal access to eye care and demonstrates a strong focus on inclusivity and gender equality.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12216Can India achieve UNAIDS’ target by 2030?2024-01-04T18:33:14+00:00Jayanthi Tarugujayanthibhargav23@gmail.comKiranmayi Konikmayireddy@gmail.comAnusha Puthalapattuanushalokeshppt@gmail.comHema Kurugundlakhemaw99@gmail.comSirshendu Chaudurisirshendusisu@gmail.comT. Vasundhara Thulasivasundharatulasi67@gmail.comBrig Mala Singhmalarks@gmail.comRoopavani Dasannagari Ramaswamydr-roopavani@hotmail.comAngel Davidangeldanadavid@gmail.comP. M. Prathibhaprathivijay2003@gmail.comSujayalakshmi Devarayasamudramsdevarayasamudram@nccu.edu<p>The world is embarking on a fast-track strategy to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. UNAIDS is targeted towards achieving the 95-95-95 strategy by 2025. Scaling up prevention, testing and treatment services towards HIV/AIDS is paramount in achieving these targets. To understand the status of India in achieving these targets, review of trials registered in the CTRI registry was done and found that among the 155 included trials, most (n=45, 29%) of the trials were drug trails, few were vaccine trials (n=6, 3.8%). Out of 155 studies, forty-one (20%) were in line to reach UNAIDS’ targets. The primary focus of those studies was improving CD4 counts and suppression of viral load (third target of UNAIDS’) (n=12, 7.7%), and the minimal focus was on promoting treatment adherence (second target of UNAIDS’) (n=11, 7%) and promotion of HIV testing (first target of UNAIDS’) (n=4, 2.5%). As prevention is always better than care, research should be encouraged towards prevention of HIV, which in turn facilitates achieving UNAIDS’ 2025 and 2030 targets.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12160Effect of Buteyko breathing technique on peak expiratory flow rate in patients undergone upper abdominal surgery2023-12-17T10:19:04+00:00Ruchita Rao Chilkapurwarchilkapurwar24@gmail.comAbhijit D. Diwateabhijitdiwate@gmail.comArijit K. Dasarijitdasphysio@gmail.com<p>Upper abdominal surgery (UAS) alters postoperative pulmonary function, as observed by impairment of lung volumes such as total lung capacity, vital capacity. Impaired clearance of sputum results in a vicious cycle of colonization and infection of bronchi with pathogenic organisms, dilation of bronchi and further sputum production. Ten patients undergone UAS were assigned randomly in two groups equally; their ages ranged from 23 to 60 years. The group A received Buteyko breathing. The data were collected before and after the same treatment period for both groups. The evaluation procedure was carried out to measure peak expiratory flow meter. Post treatment evaluation showed a significant difference in peak expiratory flow meter in both groups but in the favor of group A. Post treatment result showed a significant difference within the group. The post treatment value of group A was 272 which was better than group B which was 172. Combination of Buteyko breathing with conventional physiotherapy were considered to be an effective exercise for postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgeries.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12129Clinical assessment and patient education of chemical intolerance2023-12-11T20:06:44+00:00Tharani Raviravit@uthscsa.eduYajaira Johnson-Esparzajohnsonespar@uthscsa.eduJessica Hernandezhernandezjf@uthscsa.eduNehman Andryandry@uthscsa.eduFozia Alialif@uthscsa.eduMaria Del Pilar Montanez Villacampamontanezvill@uthscsa.eduRudolfo Rinconrudo95@icloud.comRoger Peralesperalesr@uthscsa.eduRaymond F. Palmerpalmerr@uthscsa.edu<p>Chemical intolerance (CI) is characterized by multi-system symptoms initiated by a one-time high dose or persistent low-dose exposure to environmental toxicants. Symptoms of this “medically unexplained illness” often include fatigue, headache, weakness, rash, mood changes, musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal, difficulties with memory, concentration, and respiratory problems. A general disease mechanism called toxicant-induced loss of tolerance (TILT) explains the initiation, symptoms, and intolerances to chemicals, foods, and medicines reported worldwide by individuals with this condition. TILT is a 2-stage disease process initiated by a major chemical exposure, or a series of low-level exposures, followed by multisystem symptoms and onset of new intolerances. Despite its prevalence of up to 20%, most primary care physicians are not aware of this disease process and thus have been unable to recognize patients with CI. This case series describes three family medicine clinic patients who had multisystem symptoms that were triggered by chemical exposures, saw multiple specialists with no improvement, who were eventually diagnosed with CI and went through a behaviorally based avoidance education program. This report describes the impact of a coordinated educational intervention for patients with CI. We offer several educational tools for health practitioners to discuss with their patients. These patient stories highlight the importance for physicians to be knowledgeable about CI in order to facilitate symptom reduction and improve the quality of life for these patients.</p>2024-02-06T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12237Gastrointestinal perforations induced by long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use: a case series analysis and discussion2024-01-11T12:26:36+00:00Mydukuru Poojadrpoojaroyalpharma@gmail.comChennasamudram C. Kesavuluchanduh1000@gmail.comJutla V. Kumarjutlavinodkumaroff@gmail.comYashmeen Nikhat P.yashmeennikhatoffl@gmail.com<p>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are used in a wide range but may cause harm to the gastrointestinal mucosa, which leads to various complications. This study shows the impact of long term NSAID use on small and large intestine and presents 2 cases of patients with NSAID induced perforations. The first case involves a 62-year-old male patient with RA on long term Ibuprofen use, presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, and lower limbs pain. Laparotomy revealed a 5 mm perforation in the proximal jejunum. The second case, a male patient of 65 years of age using diclofenac without a prescription, which lead to a 4×4 cm sigmoid colon perforation. The comparison of both the cases presents a difference in examination and laboratory findings. Long-term NSAID use has been associated with various GI complications, including perforations. The case presents the importance of considering NSAID related complications, mainly in older patients and the persons with ulcers. Combining NSAIDS with other drugs, like misoprostol may minimize the risk of the GI complications. NSAIDs are also linked with cardiovascular events, and heart related issues. This study shows the need of careful NSAID prescription, with their association with preventable adverse effects. 30% of hospitalizations for adverse drug reactions are only by the NSAIDs. PPIs and H2 receptor antagonist are commonly used to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa which minimizes the occurrence of ulcers. Healthcare professionals should be careful particularly in case of high risk patients to minimize the NSAID related complications.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12172Interesting case report on Chiari network2023-12-19T09:43:09+00:00Dheeraj Kumardheeraj00002@gmail.comGajram Singhmannu2021upums@gmail.comMahendra Singhmannu2021upums@gmail.comJyotsana Singhmannu2021upums@gmail.com<p>The Chiari network is a congenital remnant that is typically found in the right atrium and is generally not associated with significant pathophysiological implications. Usually, this is detected on general routine health checkup screening or casual examination. But, occasionally in certain cases, it is possible for this condition to results in diagnostic ambiguity when assessing right atrial disorders. Additionally, it has potential to contribute to the development of thromboembolism by inducing flow blockage. The Chiari network can be accurately diagnosed by echocardiography. This network appear as a highly mobile, highly reflectant echo target at many regions in the right atrium during transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. In this study, we provide a case involving an 18 year old male students studying cardiac technology who was diagnosed incidentally during echocardiography practical classes with Chiari network, mild TR and mild PR. The value and precision of echocardiography are becoming more widely recognized and being used more frequently. The potential for finding normal anatomical variations and their potential incorrect interpretation as pathological states coincides with the wider implementation of this imaging method.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12248Multiple animal bite injuries in a child: a case report2024-01-17T07:45:13+00:00Arjun Krishnadocarjunkrishna@gmail.comAswathy Susan Rejiachususanreji@gmail.comCarol Pinheirocarolcardoz@gmail.comSudhiraj T. S.drsudhiraj@gmail.comMeenu Sara Johnjohnmeenusara@gmail.comRemya G.drremyag87@gmail.comJerrin Maria Josedrmariajerrin@gmail.com<p>Animal bites are a leading cause of injury among children, of which dog bites contribute significantly to the burden of Rabies in the world. This was a case report of a 7-year-old migrant girl child who was admitted to the casualty as a victim of multiple stray dog bite injuries. The child presented with multiple and extensive lesions all over the body. Trauma related to animal bites cause not just physical pain and suffering but also emotional stress and carries the risk of Rabies which is a highly fatal disease. Prompt management of the case with post exposure prophylaxis against Rabies needs to be done immediately, along with wound management to ensure good treatment results and patient outcome. This report presents the case of a child who sustained multiple stray dog bite injuries all over the body. Patient was followed up for one month, showed good wound healing and recovery.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12260Alarming rise in vape smoking among teenagers in Pakistan: a call for action2024-01-20T10:15:58+00:00Muhammad Hassan Ameerhassanameer95@gmail.comAsma Tariqasami.raja1997@gmail.comHaider Alihaider_mughal2009@hotmail.com<p>I am writing to draw attention to a matter of great concern that demands our collective awareness and action: the alarming rise in vape smoking among teenagers in Pakistan. This disturbing trend poses a serious threat to the health and well-being of our young population, and it is imperative that we address this issue promptly in a comprehensive way.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12169Incidence of hypertension and its risk factors: a systematic review2023-12-18T13:10:00+00:00Charan Kamal Sekhondrcks31@gmail.comRamandeep Kaurramanpandher076@gmail.comMonika Airimonika_airi@yahoo.co.in<p>Hypertension is a persistent, metabolic condition indicated by elevated blood pressure levels. Since hypertension comes with no warning signs, mostly people are not aware of it. The aim of the study was to assess the change in the prevalence of hypertension among adults of Punjab and Haryana and to investigate its risk factors. Medline, Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2009 to 2023 were searched for ‘prevalence, burden, awareness, and control of blood pressure (BP) or hypertension (≥140 SBP and or ≥90 DBP) among Indian adults’ (≥18 years). <em> </em>The incidence of hypertension varied from 32.4 to 88.2 percent in male subjects and 30 to 84.7 percent in female subjects. Hypertension was more prevalent among males of Punjab and Haryana. Whereas females were more hypertensive in different districts of Haryana. The considerable upward trend has been observed over the time, among males and females in both Punjab and Haryana, yet awareness and control rates are comparatively low. Various researchers have discovered that younger the age of beginning of hypertension, the higher the decline in life expectancy if raised blood pressure is not managed.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Healthhttps://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12201Physical rehabilitation of the visually impaired and its implications for tactile modelling2023-12-31T10:58:55+00:00Namrata Srivastavadr.namratasrivastavaa@gmail.comPoonam Pachauriaoptometry.cnb@gmail.comNiteshoptometry.cnb@gmail.com<p>The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tactile models in improving the health of visually impaired people. The main objective of the intervention is to improve mobility, muscle strength, flexibility and physical fitness. Longitudinal study, this study was approved by the research ethics committee “Naraina Medical College and Research Centre (NMCRC)” Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Convenience sampling was conducted over a three-week period from December 2021 to January 2022. The physical rehabilitation of the visually impaired (PP-PVI) process includes physical assessment, language selection, design structure and visually impaired language. A longitudinal study was conducted with youth and young adults with visual impairment. They received treatment twice a week for 12 months and their quality of life was assessed before and after treatment. Quality of life was assessed using the 30-item short form health questionnaire (SF-30). Mean scores improved in all domains except the quality of life questionnaire after PP-PVI. PP-PVI has proven to be a valuable, easy-to-understand, and reliable clinical tool. This product is for people with visual impairment. Implications for Professionals: PP-PVI exercise improves many aspects of your body and performance. This plays an important role in ensuring independence for people with low vision. Physical therapy is effective in improving visual and tactile motor skills. Physical therapists can help improve the overall function and quality of life of people with these problems through targeted exercises and activities.</p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health